"Each thing that expresses essence or possible reality, strains towards existence;
and these strainings are strong in proportion to the amount of
essence or
reality that the straining possibility contains. Or we could say: according to
the amount of
perfection it
contains, for perfection is just the amount of essence.
This makes it obvious that of the infinite combinations of
possibilities and possible series, the
one that exists is the one through which
the most essence or possibility is brought into existence. A good rule to
follow in practical affairs is:
always aim to get the most out of the least, that is, try for the maximum effect at the minimum cost, so to speak.
For example, in building on a particular plot of ground (the ‘cost’),
construct the most pleasing building you can, with the rooms as numerous as the
site can take and as elegant as possible. Applying this to our present context:
given the temporal and spatial extent of the world—in short, its
capacity or
receptivity—fit into that as great a variety of kinds of thing as possible.
A different and perhaps better analogy is provided by certain
games, in
which all the places on the board are supposed to be filled in accordance with
certain rules; towards the end of such a game a player may find that he has to
use some trick if he is to fill certain places that he wants to fill. If he
succeeds in filling them, but only by resorting special measures, he has
achieved a maximal result but not with minimal means. In contrast with this,
there is a certain procedure through which he can most easily fill the board, thus
getting the same result but with minimal ‘cost’.
Other examples of the power of ‘minimal cost’: if we are told ‘Draw a
triangle’, with no other directions, we will draw an equilateral triangle; if
we are told ‘Go from the lecture hall to the library’, without being told what
route to take, we will choose the easiest or the shortest route. Similarly,
given that existence is to prevail over nonexistence, i.e. something is to
exist rather than nothing, i.e. something is to pass from possibility to
actuality, with nothing further than this being laid down, it follows that there
would be as much as there possibly can be, given the capacity of time and space
(that is, the capacity of the order of possible existence). In short, it is
just like tiles arranged so as to get down as many as possible in a given area.
From this we can now understand in a wonderful way how the very
origination of things involves a certain divine mathematics or metaphysical
mechanism, and how the ‘maximum’ of which I have spoken is determined. The case
is like that in geometry, where the right angle is distinguished from all other
angles; or like the case of a liquid placed in something of a different kind—specifically,
held by something solid but flexible, like a rubber balloon—which forms itself
into a sphere, the most capacious shape; or—the best analogy—like the situation
in common mechanics where the struggling of many heavy bodies with one another
finally generates the motion yielding the greatest descent over-all. For just
as all possibles strain
pari jure for existence in proportion to how much reality they contain,
so too all heavy things strain
pari jure to descend in proportion to how heavy they are; and just as the
latter case yields the motion that contains as much descent of heavy things as
is possible, the former case gives rise to a world in which the greatest number
of possibles is produced.
So now we have physical necessity derived from metaphysical necessity.
For even if the world isn’t metaphysically necessary, in the sense that its
contrary implies a contradiction or a logical absurdity, it is physically
necessary or determined, in the sense that its contrary implies imperfection or
moral absurdity. And just as the source of what essences there are is possibility,
so the source of what exists is perfection or degree of essence (through which the
greatest number of things are compossible). This also makes it obvious how God,
the author of the world, can be free even though everything happens determinately.
It’s because he acts from a principle of wisdom or perfection, which doesn’t
make it
necessary for him to act as he does but makes it
certain that he will
act in that way. It is only out of ignorance that one is in a state of
indifference in which one might go this way and might go that; the wiser
someone is, the more settled it is that he will do what is most perfect." (
Leibniz)